Say hello to our little gastrointestinal friends!

Probiotics...You've probably heard about them but maybe not by this name. What are these? They are live, non-disease causing microorganisms, such as bacteria (aka, "friendly bacteria"), found in food or supplements that are potentially beneficial to health, if consumed in adequate amounts. Did you know that your body houses some 10 trillion bacteria, which are primarily located in our gastrotinestinal tract? While the amounts remain fairly constant over time, there are factors that may cause levels of these bacteria to fluctuate, such as illness, antibiotic use, and diet, thus, leaving our immune systems a little more vulnerable.

Some of the most common probiotic bacteria found in food include various species of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. Foods that contain probiotics include yogurt, acidophilus milk, fermented milk products, such as kefir, miso, tempeh, some soy drinks and some juices. Some manufacturers of products containing probiotics make claims such as "clinically proven to help regulate the digestive system" or "clinically proven to help strengthen the body's defense systems"; however, the science behind these claims has recently come under attack. While more research on the potential benefits of probiotics is warranted, I will share with you what some favorable evidence does suggest when it comes to certain probiotics. Certain types of these friendly bacteria may be useful for:

• Reducing diarrhea associated with taking antiobiotics and traveler's diarrhea
  
• Controlling certain types of infectious diarrhea, especially the type in children caused by rotavirus
• Preventing and reducing length of vaginal yeast infections and urinary tract infections
• Lowering cholesterol
  

A few studies suggest that probiotics may be useful for other conditions as well, including: reducing lactose intolerance, reducing the length of intestinal infections, managing irritable bowel syndrome, lowering recurrence of bladder cancer, and preventing and managing atopic disease (i.e., allergies, eczema).

In order to experience the potential health benefits of probiotics, one must consume large quantities -- approximately 100 million to 100 billion live bacteria daily; however, more research is needed to determine an optimal dosage. For example, some yogurt products contain the "Live & Active Cultures" seal to inform consumers that the product contains at least 100 million cultures per gram at time of manufacture (or 10 million per gram for frozen products, such as frozen yogurt). Typically, 1 cup of yogurt or 3 1/2 servings of acidophilus milk will provide the recommended amount. You may also take probiotics in supplement form; however, keep in mind that not all probiotic strains are the same, which means they do not all have the same potential health benefits either. So, you may want to consult a registered dietitian to discuss your options.

Salud!

Failing to plan...

This old quote was brought to mind this morning as I headed off to work. "Failing to plan is planning to fail." ~Source Unknown~ I thought of this as I drove past at least a dozen restaurants and coffee shops along my 10 mile path to work. I was thankful that I'd planned today. I packed my lunch and snacks for the day. I'm pretty predictable when it comes to this. You can search my purse, bag, desk, or vehicle at almost any given time and find some sort of snack in there. Whether it's a piece of fruit or a granola bar, I've almost always got something on hand for that moment. You know "that" moment! It's the one where you find yourself starving and suddenly everything looks good! That's when our environment makes decisions for us. So, had I not eaten breakfast, I imagine that a quick trip to Starbucks for a coffee...and maybe one of their scrumptious-looking pastries starts to sound pretty good right about then (a la 500+ kcals, -a lot of nutrients). Or during the workday after lunch when those sweets in the lounge start calling your name. Or it might be when you've left work, exhausted, starving, and ready to chow down at one of the many fast food restaurants along the way home.

Planning is one of the foundations of any effort to improve nutrition, fitness, and/or health, and I must say that it also tends to be one of the hardest skills for many of my clients to grasp. And maybe it's not just to grasp but to want to grasp. Let's face it. We're all busy. We don't really like to plan, but let me tell you, it'll be the best thing you've ever done for your nutrition, fitness, and/or health in the end. As I said before, if I don't plan, my environment makes my decisions for me and the consequences aren't always pretty. (Now, I will also say that there are almost always nutritious options when in a bind, but that's for another blog post.) Yes, if you're not used to it, it will take some additional time and effort up front. But what thing that isn't worth it doesn't take some effort? Have you ever played a sport or had a hobby? I'm sure you realize how much time and effort it took to develop knowledge and skills in the sport or hobby to start, but with practice, practice, practice you got better over time, right? When developing any new habit or skill, it will definitely take additional effort up front, but as long as you give it some time (like 21 days as Steven Covey would suggest), it will seem like old hat. Believe me, it really doesn't take me much time to plan out what I'm going to take for lunch and snacks each day, and I am truly thankful that I've developed this valuable skill. I have been caught in a bind when I did forget my snack or lunch, and in the end, I'd rather not force myself to make the kinds of decisions that must be made in those moments. When people make an average of 250 daily food decisions, I think doing a little planning ahead can certainly enhance your chances of achieving and/or maintaining your health and fitness goals.

My take on baby food

So, it's been asked...what are my thoughts on baby food...Make your own? Commercial? Organic? Let me tackle these one by one.

I personally decided to make my own baby food. What I enjoyed about this is that I knew exactly what was going in it. I also felt like it allowed Gabriella to really taste the food at its freshest. (I've tasted commercial baby food and it's sometimes not that scrumptious to me.) I also loved that I was actually making her food. I just found pleasure in that process. It was fun to explore different vegetables and fruits to try. I felt that I was able to offer a lot of variety in that way. I also think that my homemade baby food offered a lot more variety in textures than that smooth commercial baby food. Lastly, I see this as an opportunity to also prepare your infant to eat with the family by eating what the family is eating. Oh yeah, and it's actually cheaper to make your own.

While my personal preference was to make and offer homemade baby food, it does not mean that commercial baby foods are not safe or nutritious. I think there are advantages to each. Commercial baby foods can offer some convenience over homemade foods, especially when feeding an infant away from home. If you check out the ingredient list for many commercial baby foods, you will find them to be quite simple...the vegetable or fruit and then water. However, combination foods, which combine grains or vegetables with meat, etc. may contain additional ingredients such as sugar or sodium, which infants don't need in large quantities and can produced learned preferences for these tastes. Again, my personal opinion is that it is best to modify foods that the family is already eating so that the infant learns to eat what the family eats anyway.

As far as whether or not to go organic, you may want to check out my blog post about organically produced foods. If you have the funds to do so, I suggest going with at least "The Dirty Dozen". These are the top 12 vegetables/fruits that are most likely to be contaminated with detectable levels of pesticide residue. I say this because the little ones are at greatest risk from the potentially harmful effects of pesticides since they are smaller in size and their organs are still developing. If money is no object, you may want to consider going organic with other items such as bread, cereals, or pastas. If budget is a concern, then I suggest these tips to reduce exposure:

• Locally grown produce (fewer pesticides or other residues used)
• Peel or wash produce with tap water and scrub with a brush, if appropriate
  
• Offer a variety of foods
  

Juice: A four letter word?

Mention the word juice around some parents, caregivers, dietitians, doctors, and other professionals (health or otherwise), and you'd think you said a four letter word! So, what's this food cop's take? (I hope you know I'm kidding about the whole food cop thing!)

I do not believe that 100% fruit juice is as evil for kids as it can be made out to be. If you know anything about my philosophy by reading previous blogs, you know that I definitely do not believe in categorizing foods as "good" vs "bad". A parent who provides a child with juice is not "bad" and a parent who does not is not "good". I believe that 100% fruit juice (I'm not talking about the stuff that's 5% juice and the rest water and sugar, i.e., "fruit drink", "cocktail" or "juice beverage") can be a nutritious part of a child's diet. In fact, 100% fruit juice does offer valuable nutrients, such as potassium, vitamin A, C and B6, magnesium, iron, and folate, in addition to flavonoids.

Some people fear fruit juice because of the....aaaak...sugar! Oh no! Guess what? While 100% fruit juice does contain naturally occurring fruit sugar (fructose) along with some other types of naturally occurring sugar, it does not contain added sugar, and again, it's got some important nutrients in it. What it does not contain is a lot of fiber, so that is one knock against it. Interestingly, kiddos who consume 100% fruit juice also take in less total fat, saturated fat, added fat and added sugar than non-juice consumers.

Another big concern over fruit juice is that will make a child overweight. It is true that our hunger is not as satisfied with foods/beverages in liquid vs solid or even semi-solid form, so we can more easily overdo it on calories when consuming liquid sources, such as fruit juice, fruit drinks, sports drinks, and sodas. While there have been a few studies detecting some relationship between fruit juice consumption and childhood overweight, most studies (14 in the last 10 years), found no relationship between fruit juice consumption and overweight in children. There's likely a combination of factors affecting rising rates of obesity in children and fruit juice alone is not the single culprit.

The other beef some people have with fruit juice is that it serves as a substitute for milk. However, recent research shows no significant difference in cow juice consumption between juice consumers and non-juice consumers.

So, what do I suggest? Moderation. What is moderation? I tend to follow the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for fruit juice consumption.

• Fruit juice should not be introduced to infants <6 months of age. (Human milk is the the best source of nutrition for children of this age.)
• For children 1-6 years old, fruit juice intake should be limited to 4-6 oz/d.
  
• For children 7-18 years old, fruit juice intake should be limited to 8-12 oz/d.
• Children should be encouraged to consume whole fruits to meet their daily fruit intake.

Here are a few things I do to moderate juice consumption:

• Offer water or milk (non-fat or 1% for kids ages 2+) first.
• Dilute the juice with water.
  
• Offer "icy juice". Fill a cup full of ice, then pour 100% fruit juice over it.
  

Get your drink on...

...and off the course that is! I recently answered a question regarding fluid intake during exercise. This is a question that I'm often asked, so I thought I would address it here. As an athlete, I know that there are a few typical things that many athletes (beginner or experienced) tend to forgo during workout or competition, and one of those is FLUID. People do without hydration during activity for many reasons. Here are some that I've heard: "It's too annoying to stop for a drink or carry a water bottle around with you." "I'll have to go to the bathroom if I drink anything during my workout." "I don't get thirsty." "I'm not working out long enough to need anything." "I can't tolerate fluids during my workout." I hate to break the news, but fluid intake during exercise is advised for optimal training and competition whether you're a casual exerciser or a pro.

Water is an essential and often overlooked nutrient, especially during activity. About 60-70% of the body is composed of water and it serves many important functions. During exercise water is necessary for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the muscles, removing waste products, and eliminating heat from the body. Even a water loss of 1-2% of body weight can hinder exercise performance. Just think about it...without adequate fluid in the blood, the heart has to beat faster to pump all the oxygen and nutrients to those hard-working muscles. With the heart working harder and the body temp rising, a person can become more easily fatigued, and endurance and power can suffer in a very short time. In addition, with the intensity of the exercise seeming more difficult, imagine what that does for one's mental stamina?

Some people say, "Simple. I'll just drink when I'm thirsty." While that is one of the first signs of dehydration and typically a good indicator of the need for fluid intake, it's not so reliable during exercise. Why? Fluid needs during exercise can be greater than what our thirst can gauge. So, while one might take a sip or two of water and no longer feel thirsty, his/her body actually has the need for more fluid.

I'm no perfect angel here. I've tried this both ways...without consuming any or adequate fluid during workouts/competition and with. Believe me, it makes a huge difference for me personally when I make sure I'm adequately hydrated before, during, and after a workout/competition.

So, how much does one need? Drink about 5-10 oz every 15-20 minutes during exercise. One gulp is about 1 oz. Water is a perfect choice for light to moderate activity in moderate conditions lasting <90 activities="" high="" intensity="" minutes.="" moderate="" nbsp="" or="" to="">90 minutes or in hot/humid conditions, a sports drink is appropriate to replenish fluid, electrolytes, and carbohydrate stores in the body. These are general guidelines, so there may be some individual differences. A Registered Dietitian may be able to help develop a fluid plan for training and competition that meets your individual needs. If you are training for an event, make sure that you train with whatever you plan to use during the event. You really don't want any surprises come race day. And no, pouring the fluid over the head does not help meet your fluid needs during activity.

Drink up!

The C word....

Cravings? Ever have 'em? Nah, never, right? If you have, you're not alone as over 50 to almost 100% of people studied have experienced food cravings or an intense desire to eat a specific food. Did you know that the top 3 most craved foods are: carrots, celery, and broccoli? I'm kidding here. What do you think they are? Based on recent research findings, craved foods tend to be rich in calories, fat, and carbohydrate. So, chocolate, ice cream, cookies, potato chips all fit into this category. People also tend to crave salty foods, too! The underlying cause of cravings is still not well understood though recent research points at different factors such as learned behaviors (i.e., habits) given certain situations or stimuli, short-term calorie restriction, and the release of feel-good chemicals in the brain in response to eating certain foods among other things. Regardless of the reason they exist, the fact of the matter is that many of us have cravings, and cravings can wreak havoc on one's mind and efforts at weight management.

Did you know that the average craving can last anywhere between 5 seconds to 15 minutes? Seriously. I know. It doesn't seem likely because when we're in that craving moment, it can feel like an ETERNITY, and that's why many of us typically raise the white flag to them swiftly. The good news is that these things can actually pass pretty quickly. If we actually take the time to allow ourselves to make an informed decision, we will better manage our cravings. Get rid of them? Not necessarily, but managing them, now that's realistic! So, what do you do?

1) STOP! - The first step in managing cravings is to take notice! Put yourself on guard. Realize that you are experiencing a craving. Imagine a huge STOP sign or a red light or a whistle going off giving you the warning signal.

2) relax... Now's the time to take a deep breath or two.

3) Ask - In order to make an informed decision, you need information. So begin to ask yourself a few questions. What is it that I'm craving? Am I hungry? What happened when I consumed this food before? What will happen if I do it now? What do I really want?

4) Decide - Your decision can go either way. After pausing long enough to consider the options, you allow yourself to make a more informed decision. You can choose to go ahead and fulfill that urge and eat the food. Or you can choose not to. You are not {good} if you don't eat it or {bad} if you do. It's not a moral issue! It's a decision, and it can be a simple one. It just takes time to develop the habit of becoming more aware of the cravings and making more informed choices about whether or not to satisfy them.

Based on my experience with many clients, I've found that following these steps has helped many better manage their cravings. It doesn't make them go away. No, I'm not sure there's a cure for them...yet! But it can make the situation much less stressful and allow enough time for the person to reflect on the decision while the craving actually either subsides or a final informed decision is made not to consume the food. All I can say is practice, practice, practice!

Now about that chocolate...

The au natural sweetener?

There's a lot of buzz in the food and nutrition world about a couple of new natural zero-calorie sweeteners, Truvia (from Coca-Cola) and PureVia (from PepsiCo). These two sweeteners contain stevia, an extract from a plant native to South America, and the FDA recently approved the use of these sweeteners as food additives that have been declared GRAS (generally recognized as safe). Some controversy swirls around stevia and stevia-containing sweeteners for several reasons. First, previous studies in animals suggested that high doses could result in male infertility and fewer and smaller offspring for females while other studies suggested potential cancer-causing activity. Critics of this approval also point out the loopholes in the GRAS identification since the testing on safety can be carried out by manufacturers themselves, which creates an obvious potential bias, and the companies can actually self-declare the safety of the additive without actually notifying the FDA or consumers. Therefore, the FDA does not need to review or approve this GRAS declaration of the scientists conducting the studies, and the only way for the FDA to reverse the GRAS classification is through litigation where it would have to prove that the additive is actually unsafe for human consumption. While stevia has been used in foods in countries such as Japan for decades, it has been banned in the European Union, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

What about the other side of the story? Well, the fact remains that stevia-extracts have been used in Japan and Brazil for many years with no reported harm to humans. Other studies have refuted previous trials regarding the physiological effects of stevia. Recent safety studies evaluated the effect of the equivalent of a 150 lb. person consuming 1,000-2,000 daily servings of stevia-sweetened beverages and findings indicated no harmful effects on general health, male or female fertility, and growth or development of adults or their young. Results are mixed on whether or not stevia-containing products may actually have positive effects on health, including blood pressure and blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes. In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that stevia-extracts were not genotoxic (damaging to cell's genetic material) or cancer-causing based on their own research findings.

Many people are eager to taste the new naturally-sweetened beverages from Coca Cola and Pepsi as these products will likely be rolled out very soon in the U.S. What about you? I must admit that as a foodie, I'm very curious! I've actually tried stevia as a sweetener a long while back although I wasn't a big fan back then. Maybe these new formulations will provide a better taste? After doing my own investigation, I say that moderation is key here as I would with any alternative sweeteners. A possible guide on consumption could come from Australia and New Zealand's acceptable daily intake recommendations of about 4 mg/kg of body weight. For a 150 lb person, this could be the equivalent of about 1.5 cans of a stevia-sweetened beverage daily (and this includes a 100-fold safety cushion). To be honest though, you're probably better off consuming water, low-fat milk, 100% fruit juice or green tea for fluids or other nutrients, antioxidants, or phytochemicals rather than relying on these stevia-sweetened beverages from a nutrition perspective.